Photo Credit: PixabayModeling Price with Regularized Linear Model & XgboostDeveloping statistical models for predicting individual house pricesSusan LiBlockedUnblockFollowFollowingFeb 19We would like to model the price of a house, we know that the price depends on the location of the house, square footage of a house, year built, year renovated, number of bedrooms, number of garages, etc.
So those factors contribute to the pattern — premium location would typically lead to a higher price.
However, all houses within the same area and have same square footage do not have the exact same price.
The variation in price is the noise.
Our goal in price modeling is to model the pattern and ignore the noise.
The same concepts apply to modeling hotel room prices too.
Therefore, to start, we are going to implement regularization techniques for linear regression of house pricing data.
The DataThere is an excellent house prices data set can be found here.
import warningsdef ignore_warn(*args, **kwargs): passwarnings.
warn = ignore_warnimport numpy as np import pandas as pd %matplotlib inlineimport matplotlib.
pyplot as plt import seaborn as snsfrom scipy import statsfrom scipy.
stats import norm, skewfrom sklearn import preprocessingfrom sklearn.
metrics import r2_scorefrom sklearn.
metrics import mean_squared_errorfrom sklearn.
model_selection import train_test_splitfrom sklearn.
linear_model import ElasticNetCV, ElasticNetfrom xgboost import XGBRegressor, plot_importance from sklearn.
model_selection import RandomizedSearchCVfrom sklearn.
model_selection import StratifiedKFoldpd.
set_option('display.
float_format', lambda x: '{:.
3f}'.
format(x))df = pd.
read_csv('house_train.
csv')df.
shapeFigure 1(df.
isnull().
sum() / len(df)).
sort_values(ascending=False)[:20]Figure 2The good news is that we have many features to play with (81), the bad news is that 19 features have missing values, and 4 of them have over 80% missing values.
For any feature, if it is missing 80% of values, it can’t be that important, therefore, I decided to remove these 4 features.
df.
drop(['PoolQC', 'MiscFeature', 'Alley', 'Fence', 'Id'], axis=1, inplace=True)Explore FeaturesTarget feature distributionsns.
distplot(df['SalePrice'] , fit=norm);# Get the fitted parameters used by the function(mu, sigma) = norm.
fit(df['SalePrice'])print( '.mu = {:.
2f} and sigma = {:.
2f}.'.
format(mu, sigma))#Now plot the distributionplt.
legend(['Normal dist.
($mu=$ {:.
2f} and $sigma=$ {:.
2f} )'.
format(mu, sigma)], loc='best')plt.
ylabel('Frequency')plt.
title('Sale Price distribution')#Get also the QQ-plotfig = plt.
figure()res = stats.
probplot(df['SalePrice'], plot=plt)plt.
show();Figure 3The target feature – SalePrice is right skewed.
As linear models like normally distributed data , we will transform SalePrice and make it more normally distributed.
sns.
distplot(np.
log1p(df['SalePrice']) , fit=norm);# Get the fitted parameters used by the function(mu, sigma) = norm.
fit(np.
log1p(df['SalePrice']))print( '.mu = {:.
2f} and sigma = {:.
2f}.'.
format(mu, sigma))#Now plot the distributionplt.
legend(['Normal dist.
($mu=$ {:.
2f} and $sigma=$ {:.
2f} )'.
format(mu, sigma)], loc='best')plt.
ylabel('Frequency')plt.
title('log(Sale Price+1) distribution')#Get also the QQ-plotfig = plt.
figure()res = stats.
probplot(np.
log1p(df['SalePrice']), plot=plt)plt.
show();Figure 4Correlation between numeric featurespd.
set_option('precision',2)plt.
figure(figsize=(10, 8))sns.
heatmap(df.
drop(['SalePrice'],axis=1).
corr(), square=True)plt.
suptitle("Pearson Correlation Heatmap")plt.
show();Figure 5There exists strong correlations between some of the features.
For example, GarageYrBlt and YearBuilt, TotRmsAbvGrd and GrLivArea, GarageArea and GarageCars are strongly correlated.
They actually express more or less the same thing.
I will let ElasticNetCV to help reduce redundancy later.
Correlation between SalePrice and the other numeric featurescorr_with_sale_price = df.
corr()["SalePrice"].
sort_values(ascending=False)plt.
figure(figsize=(14,6))corr_with_sale_price.
drop("SalePrice").
plot.
bar()plt.
show();Figure 6The correlation of SalePrice with OverallQual is the greatest (around 0.
8).
Also GrLivArea presents a correlation of over 0.
7, and GarageCars presents a correlation of over 0.
6.
Let’s look at these 4 features in more detail.
sns.
pairplot(df[['SalePrice', 'OverallQual', 'GrLivArea', 'GarageCars']])plt.
show();Figure 7Feature EngineeringLog transform features that have a highly skewed distribution (skew > 0.
75)Dummy coding categorical featuresFill NaN with the mean of the column.
Train and test sets split.
feature_engineering_price.
pyElasticNetRidge and Lasso regression are regularized linear regression models.
ElasticNet is essentially a Lasso/Ridge hybrid, that entails the minimization of an objective function that includes both L1 (Lasso) and L2 (Ridge) norms.
ElasticNet is useful when there are multiple features which are correlated with one another.
The class ElasticNetCV can be used to set the parameters alpha (α) and l1_ratio (ρ) by cross-validation.
ElasticNetCV: ElasticNet model with best model selection by cross-validation.
Let’s see what ElasticNetCV is going to select for us.
ElasticNetCV.
pyFigure 80< The optimal l1_ratio <1 , indicating the penalty is a combination of L1 and L2, that is, the combination of Lasso and Ridge.
Model EvaluationElasticNetCV_evaluation.
pyFigure 9The RMSE here is actually RMSLE ( Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error).
Because we have taken the log of the actual values.
Here is a nice write up explaining the differences between RMSE and RMSLE.
Feature Importancefeature_importance = pd.
Series(index = X_train.
columns, data = np.
abs(cv_model.
coef_))n_selected_features = (feature_importance>0).
sum()print('{0:d} features, reduction of {1:2.
2f}%'.
format( n_selected_features,(1-n_selected_features/len(feature_importance))*100))feature_importance.
sort_values().
tail(30).
plot(kind = 'bar', figsize = (12,5));Figure 10A reduction of 58.
91% features looks productive.
The top 4 most important features selected by ElasticNetCV are Condition2_PosN, MSZoning_C(all), Exterior1st_BrkComm & GrLivArea.
We are going to see how these features compare with those selected by Xgboost.
XgboostThe first Xgboost model, we start from default parameters.
xgb_model1.
pyFigure 11It is already way better an the model selected by ElasticNetCV!The second Xgboost model, we gradually add a few parameters that suppose to add model’s accuracy.
xgb_model2.
pyFigure 12There was again an improvement!The third Xgboost model, we add a learning rate, hopefully it will yield a more accurate model.
xgb_model3.
pyFigure 13Unfortunately, there was no improvement.
I concluded that xgb_model2 is the best model.
Feature Importancefrom collections import OrderedDictOrderedDict(sorted(xgb_model2.
get_booster().
get_fscore().
items(), key=lambda t: t[1], reverse=True))Figure 14The top 4 most important features selected by Xgboost are LotArea, GrLivArea, OverallQual & TotalBsmtSF.
There is only one feature GrLivArea was selected by both ElasticNetCV and Xgboost.
So now we are going to select some relevant features and fit the Xgboost again.
xgb_model5.
pyFigure 15Another small improvement!Jupyter notebook can be found on Github.
Enjoy the rest of the week!.