OverviewGet familiar with class imbalanceUnderstand various techniques to treat imbalanced classes such as-Random under-samplingRandom over-samplingNearMissYou can check the implementation of the code in my GitHub repository hereIntroductionWhen observation in one class is higher than the observation in other classes then there exists a class imbalance.
Example: To detect fraudulent credit card transactions.
As you can see in the below graph fraudulent transaction is around 400 when compared with non-fraudulent transaction around 90000.
Class Imbalance is a common problem in machine learning, especially in classification problems.
Imbalance data can hamper our model accuracy big time.
Class Imbalance appear in many domains, including:Fraud detectionSpam filteringDisease screeningSaaS subscription churnAdvertising click-throughs The Problem with Class ImbalanceMost machine learning algorithms work best when the number of samples in each class are about equal.
This is because most algorithms are designed to maximize accuracy and reduce errors.
However, if the data set in imbalance then In such cases, you get a pretty high accuracy just by predicting the majority class, but you fail to capture the minority class, which is most often the point of creating the model in the first place.
Credit card fraud detection exampleLet’s say we have a dataset of credit card companies where we have to find out whether the credit card transaction was fraudulent or not.
But here’s the catch… the fraud transaction is relatively rare, only 6% of the transaction is fraudulent.
Now, before you even start, do you see how the problem might break? Imagine if you didn’t bother training a model at all.
Instead, what if you just wrote a single line of code that always predicts ‘no fraudulent transaction’def transaction(transaction_data): return No fradulent transactionWell, guess what? Your “solution” would have 94% accuracy!Unfortunately, that accuracy is misleading.
All those non-fraudulent transactions, you’d have 100% accuracy.
Those transactions which are fraudulent, you’d have 0% accuracy.
Your overall accuracy would be high simply because the most transaction is not fraudulent(not because your model is any good).
This is clearly a problem because many machine learning algorithms are designed to maximize overall accuracy.
In this article, we will see different techniques to handle the imbalanced data.
DataWe will use a credit card fraud detection dataset for this article you can find the dataset from here.
After loading the data display the first five-row of the data set.
# check the target variable that is fraudulet and not fradulent transactiondata[Class].
value_counts()# 0 -> non fraudulent # 1 -> fraudulent# visualize the target variable g = sns.
countplot(data[Class]) g.
set_xticklabels([Not Fraud,Fraud]) plt.
show()You can clearly see that there is a huge difference between the data set.
9000 non-fraudulent transactions and 492 fraudulent.
The Metric TrapOne of the major issues that new developer users fall into when dealing with unbalanced datasets relates to the metrics used to evaluate their model.
Using simpler metrics like accuracy score can be misleading.
In a dataset with highly unbalanced classes, the classifier will always “predicts” the most common class without performing any analysis of the features and it will have a high accuracy rate, obviously not the correct one.
Let’s do this experiment, using simple XGBClassifier and no feature engineering:# import linrary from xgboost import XGBClassifier xgb_model = XGBClassifier().
fit(x_train, y_train) # predict xgb_y_predict = xgb_model.
predict(x_test) # accuracy score xgb_score = accuracy_score(xgb_y_predict, y_test) print(Accuracy score is:, xbg_score)OUTPUT Accuracy score is: 0.
992We can see 99% accuracy, we are getting very high accuracy because it is predicting mostly the majority class that is 0 (Non-fraudulent).
Resampling TechniqueA widely adopted technique for dealing with highly unbalanced datasets is called resampling.
It consists of removing samples from the majority class (under-sampling) and/or adding more examples from the minority class (over-sampling).
Despite the advantage of balancing classes, these techniques also have their weaknesses (there is no free lunch).
The simplest implementation of over-sampling is to duplicate random records from the minority class, which can cause overfishing.
In under-sampling, the simplest technique involves removing random records from the majority class, which can cause loss of information.
Let’s implement this with the credit card fraud detection example.
We will start by separating the class that will be 0 and class 1.
# class count class_count_0, class_count_1 = data[Class].
value_counts() # Separate class class_0 = data[data[Class] == 0] class_1 = data[data[Class] == 1]# print the shape of the class print(class 0:, class_0.
shape) print(class 1:, class_1.
shape1.
Random Under-SamplingUndersampling can be defined as removing some observations of the majority class.
This is done until the majority and minority class is balanced out.
Undersampling can be a good choice when you have a ton of data -think millions of rows.
But a drawback to undersampling is that we are removing information that may be valuable.
class_0_under = class_0.
sample(class_count_1) test_under = pd.
concat([class_0_under, class_1], axis=0) print(“total class of 1 and0:”,test_under[Class].
value_counts())# plot the count after under-sampeling test_under[Class].
value_counts().
plot(kind=bar, title=count (target))2.
Random Over-SamplingOversampling can be defined as adding more copies to the minority class.
Oversampling can be a good choice when you don’t have a ton of data to work with.
A con to consider when undersampling is that it can cause overfitting and poor generalization to your test set.
class_1_over = class_1.
sample(class_count_0, replace=True) test_over = pd.
concat([class_1_over, class_0], axis=0) print(“total class of 1 and 0:”,test_under[Class].
value_counts())# plot the count after under-sampeling test_over[Class].
value_counts().
plot(kind=bar, title=count (target))Balance data with the imbalanced-learn python moduleA number of more sophisticated resampling techniques have been proposed in the scientific literature.
For example, we can cluster the records of the majority class, and do the under-sampling by removing records from each cluster, thus seeking to preserve information.
In over-sampling, instead of creating exact copies of the minority class records, we can introduce small variations into those copies, creating more diverse synthetic samples.
Let’s apply some of these resampling techniques, using the Python library imbalanced-learn.
It is compatible with scikit-learn and is part of scikit-learn-contrib projects.
import imblearn 3.
Random under-sampling with imblearnRandomUnderSampler is a fast and easy way to balance the data by randomly selecting a subset of data for the targeted classes.
Under-sample the majority class(es) by randomly picking samples with or without replacement.
# import library from imblearn.
under_sampling import RandomUnderSampler rus = RandomUnderSampler(random_state=42, replacement=True)# fit predictor and target variable x_rus, y_rus = rus.
fit_resample(x, y) print(original dataset shape:, Counter(y)) print(Resample dataset shape, Counter(y_rus))4.
Random over-sampling with imblearnOne way to fight imbalance data is to generate new samples in the minority classes.
The most naive strategy is to generate new samples by randomly sampling with replacement of the currently available samples.
The RandomOverSampler offers such a scheme.
# import library from imblearn.
over_sampling import RandomOverSampler ros = RandomOverSampler(random_state=42) # fit predictor and target variablex_ros, y_ros = ros.
fit_resample(x, y) print(Original dataset shape, Counter(y)) print(Resample dataset shape, Counter(y_ros))5.
Under-sampling: Tomek linksTomek links are pairs of very close instances but of opposite classes.
Removing the instances of the majority class of each pair increases the space between the two classes, facilitating the classification process.
Tomek’s link exists if the two samples are the nearest neighbors of each otherIn the code below, we’ll use ratio=majority to resample the majority class.
# import library from imblearn.
under_sampling import TomekLinks tl = RandomOverSampler(sampling_strategy=majority) # fit predictor and target variable x_tl, y_tl = ros.
fit_resample(x, y) print(Original dataset shape, Counter(y)) print(Resample dataset shape, Counter(y_ros))6.
Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE)This technique generates synthetic data for the minority class.
SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) works by randomly picking a point from the minority class and computing the k-nearest neighbors for this point.
The synthetic points are added between the chosen point and its neighbors.
SMOTE algorithm works in 4 simple steps:Choose a minority class as the input vectorFind its k nearest neighbors (k_neighbors is specified as an argument in the SMOTE() function)Choose one of these neighbors and place a synthetic point anywhere on the line joining the point under consideration and its chosen neighborRepeat the steps until data is balanced# import library from imblearn.
over_sampling import SMOTE smote = SMOTE() # fit predictor and target variable x_smote, y_smote = smote.
fit_resample(x, y) print(Original dataset shape, Counter(y)) print(Resample dataset shape, Counter(y_ros))7.
NearMissNearMiss is an under-sampling technique.
Instead of resampling the Minority class, using a distance, this will make the majority class equal to the minority class.
from imblearn.
under_sampling import NearMiss nm = NearMiss() x_nm, y_nm = nm.
fit_resample(x, y) print(Original dataset shape:, Counter(y)) print(Resample dataset shape:, Counter(y_nm))8.
Change the performance metricAccuracy is not the best metric to use when evaluating imbalanced datasets as it can be misleading.
Metrics that can provide better insight are:Confusion Matrix: a table showing correct predictions and types of incorrect predictions.
Precision: the number of true positives divided by all positive predictions.
Precision is also called Positive Predictive Value.
It is a measure of a classifier’s exactness.
Low precision indicates a high number of false positives.
Recall: the number of true positives divided by the number of positive values in the test data.
The recall is also called Sensitivity or the True Positive Rate.
It is a measure of a classifier’s completeness.
Low recall indicates a high number of false negatives.
F1: Score: the weighted average of precision and recall.
Area Under ROC Curve (AUROC): AUROC represents the likelihood of your model distinguishing observations from two classes.
In other words, if you randomly select one observation from each class, what’s the probability that your model will be able to “rank” them correctly? 9.
Penalize Algorithms (Cost-Sensitive Training)The next tactic is to use penalized learning algorithms that increase the cost of classification mistakes on the minority class.
A popular algorithm for this technique is Penalized-SVM.
During training, we can use the argument class_weight=’balanced’ to penalize mistakes on the minority class by an amount proportional to how under-represented it is.
We also want to include the argument probability=True if we want to enable probability estimates for SVM algorithms.
Let’s train a model using Penalized-SVM on the original imbalanced dataset:# load library from sklearn.
svm import SVC # we can add class_weight=balanced to add panalize mistake svc_model = SVC(class_weight=balanced, probability=True) svc_model.
fit(x_train, y_train) svc_predict = svc_model.
predict(x_test)# check performance print(ROCAUC score:,roc_auc_score(y_test, svc_predict)) print(Accuracy score:,accuracy_score(y_test, svc_predict)) print(F1 score:,f1_score(y_test, svc_predict))10.
Change the algorithmWhile in every machine learning problem, it’s a good rule of thumb to try a variety of algorithms, it can be especially beneficial with imbalanced datasets.
Decision trees frequently perform well on imbalanced data.
In modern machine learning, tree ensembles (Random Forests, Gradient Boosted Trees, etc.
) almost always outperform singular decision trees, so we’ll jump right into those:Tree base algorithm work by learning a hierarchy of if/else questions.
This can force both classes to be addressed.
# load library from sklearn.
ensemble import RandomForestClassifier rfc = RandomForestClassifier() # fit the predictor and target rfc.
fit(x_train, y_train) # predict rfc_predict = rfc.
predict(x_test)# check performance print(ROCAUC score:,roc_auc_score(y_test, rfc_predict)) print(Accuracy score:,accuracy_score(y_test, rfc_predict)) print(F1 score:,f1_score(y_test, rfc_predict))Advantage and disadvantages of Under-samplingAdvantagesIt can help improve run time and storage problems by reducing the number of training data samples when the training data set is huge.
DisadvantagesIt can discard potentially useful information which could be important for building rule classifiers.
The sample chosen by random under-sampling may be a biased sample.
And it will not be an accurate representation of the population.
Thereby, resulting in inaccurate results with the actual test data set.
Advantages and Disadvantage of over-samplingAdvantagesUnlike under-sampling, this method leads to no information loss.
Outperforms under samplingDisadvantagesIt increases the likelihood of overfitting since it replicates the minority class events.
You can check the implementation of the code in my GitHub repository here.
Referenceshttps://elitedatascience.
com/imbalanced-classeshttps://towardsdatascience.
com/methods-for-dealing-with-imbalanced-data-5b761be45a18 ConclusionTo summarize, in this article, we have seen various techniques to handle the class imbalance in a dataset.
There are actually many methods to try when dealing with imbalanced data.
Hope this article was useful if so please share and like it.
Thanks for reading…!About the AuthorBenai Kumar – Aspiring Data Scientist by heart | Keen to learn and share knowledge You can also read this article on our Mobile APP Related Articles (adsbygoogle = window.
adsbygoogle || []).
push({});.