Introduction Recommendation systems are becoming increasingly important in today’s hectic world.
People are always in the lookout for products/services that are best suited for them.
Therefore, the recommendation systems are important as they help them make the right choices, without having to expend their cognitive resources.
In this blog, we will understand the basics of Recommendation Systems and learn how to build a Movie Recommendation System using collaborative filtering by implementing the K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm.
We will also predict the rating of the given movie based on its neighbors and compare it with the actual rating.
Types of Recommendation Systems Recommendation systems can be broadly classified into 3 types — Collaborative Filtering Content-Based Filtering Hybrid Recommendation Systems Collaborative Filtering This filtering method is usually based on collecting and analyzing information on user’s behaviors, their activities or preferences, and predicting what they will like based on the similarity with other users.
A key advantage of the collaborative filtering approach is that it does not rely on machine analyzable content and thus it is capable of accurately recommending complex items such as movies without requiring an “understanding” of the item itself.
Further, there are several types of collaborative filtering algorithms — User-User Collaborative Filtering: Try to search for lookalike customers and offer products based on what his/her lookalike has chosen.
Item-Item Collaborative Filtering: It is very similar to the previous algorithm, but instead of finding a customer lookalike, we try finding item lookalike.
Once we have an item lookalike matrix, we can easily recommend alike items to a customer who has purchased an item from the store.
Other algorithms: There are other approaches like market basket analysis, which works by looking for combinations of items that occur together frequently in transactions.
Collaborative v/s Content-based filtering illustration Content-based filtering These filtering methods are based on the description of an item and a profile of the user’s preferred choices.
In a content-based recommendation system, keywords are used to describe the items, besides, a user profile is built to state the type of item this user likes.
In other words, the algorithms try to recommend products that are similar to the ones that a user has liked in the past.
Hybrid Recommendation Systems Hybrid Recommendation block diagram Recent research has demonstrated that a hybrid approach, combining collaborative filtering and content-based filtering could be more effective in some cases.
Hybrid approaches can be implemented in several ways, by making content-based and collaborative-based predictions separately and then combining them, by adding content-based capabilities to a collaborative-based approach (and vice versa), or by unifying the approaches into one model.
Netflix is a good example of the use of hybrid recommender systems.
The website makes recommendations by comparing the watching and searching habits of similar users (i.
e.
collaborative filtering) as well as by offering movies that share characteristics with films that a user has rated highly (content-based filtering).
Now that we’ve got a basic intuition of Recommendation Systems, let’s start with building a simple Movie Recommendation System in Python.
Find the Python notebook with the entire code along with the dataset and all the illustrations here.
TMDb — The Movie Database The Movie Database (TMDb) is a community built movie and TV database which has extensive data about movies and TV Shows.
Here are the stats — Source: https://www.
themoviedb.
org/about For simplicity and easy computation, I have used a subset of this huge dataset which is the TMDb 5000 dataset.
It has information about 5000 movies, split into 2 CSV files.
tmdb_5000_movies.
csv: Contains information like the score, title, date_of_release, genres, etc.
tmdb_5000_credits.
csv: Contains information of the cast and crew for each movie.
The link to the Dataset is here.
Step 1 — Import the dataset Import the required Python libraries like Pandas, Numpy, Seaborn, and Matplotlib.
Then import the CSV files using read_csv() function predefined in Pandas.
movies = pd.
read_csv(.
/input/tmdb-movie-metadata/tmdb_5000_movies.
csv) credits = pd.
read_csv(.
/input/tmdb-movie-metadata/tmdb_5000_credits.
csv) Step 2 — Data Exploration and Cleaning We will initially use the head(), describe() function to view the values and structure of the dataset, and then move ahead with cleaning the data.
movies.
head() movies.
describe() Similarly, we can get an intuition of the credits dataframe and get an output as follows — credits.
head() Checking the dataset, we can see that genres, keywords, production_companies, production_countries, spoken_languages are in the JSON format.
Similarly in the other CSV file, cast and crew are in the JSON format.
Now let’s convert these columns into a format that can be easily read and interpreted.
We will convert them into strings and later convert them into lists for easier interpretation.
The JSON format is like a dictionary (key: value) pair embedded in a string.
Generally, parsing the data is computationally expensive and time-consuming.
Luckily this dataset doesn’t have that complicated structure.
A basic similarity between the columns is that they have a name key, which contains the values that we need to collect.
The easiest way to do so parse through the JSON and check for the name key on each row.
Once the name key is found, store the value of it into a list and replace the JSON with the list.
But we cannot directly parse this JSON as it has to be decoded first.
For this, we use the json.
loads() method, which decodes it into a list.
We can then parse through this list to find the desired values.
Let’s look at the proper syntax below.
# changing the genres column from json to string movies[genres] = movies[genres].
apply(json.
loads) for index,i in zip(movies.
index,movies[genres]): list1 = [] for j in range(len(i)): list1.
append((i[j][name])) # the key name contains the name of the genre movies.
loc[index,genres] = str(list1) In a similar fashion, we will convert the JSON to a list of strings for the columns: keywords, production_companies, cast, and crew.
We will check if all the required JSON columns have been converted to strings using movies.
iloc[index] Details of the movie at index 25 Step 3 — Merge the 2 CSV files We will merge the movies and credits dataframes and select the columns which are required and have a unified movies dataframe to work on.
movies = movies.
merge(credits, left_on=id, right_on=movie_id, how=left) movies = movies[[id, original_title, genres, cast, vote_average, director, keywords]] We can check the size and attributes of movies like this — Step 4 — Working with the Genres column We will clean the genre column to find the genre_list movies[genres] = movies[genres].
str.
strip([]).
str.
replace( ,).
str.
replace(“”,) movies[genres] = movies[genres].
str.
split(,) Let’s plot the genres in terms of their occurrence to get an insight into movie genres in terms of popularity.
plt.
subplots(figsize=(12,10)) list1 = [] for i in movies[genres]: list1.
extend(i) ax = pd.
Series(list1).
value_counts()[:10].
sort_values(ascending=True).
plot.
barh(width=0.
9,color=sns.
color_palette(hls,10)) for i, v in enumerate(pd.
Series(list1).
value_counts()[:10].
sort_values(ascending=True).
values): ax.
text(.
8, i, v,fontsize=12,color=white,weight=bold) plt.
title(Top Genres) plt.
show() Drama appears to be the most popular genre followed by Comedy Now let’s generate a list ‘genreList’ with all possible unique genres mentioned in the dataset.
genreList = [] for index, row in movies.
iterrows(): genres = row[“genres”] for genre in genres: if genre not in genreList: genreList.
append(genre) genreList[:10] #now we have a list with unique genres Unique genres One Hot Encoding for multiple labels ‘genreList’ will now hold all the genres.
But how do we come to know about the genres each movie falls into.
Now some movies will be ‘Action’, some will be ‘Action, Adventure’, etc.
We need to classify the movies according to their genres.
Let’s create a new column in the dataframe that will hold the binary values whether a genre is present or not in it.
First, let’s create a method that will return back a list of binary values for the genres of each movie.
The ‘genreList’ will be useful now to compare against the values.
Let’s say for example we have 20 unique genres in the list.
Thus the below function will return a list with 20 elements, which will be either 0 or 1.
Now for example we have a Movie which has genre = ‘Action’, then the new column will hold [1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0].
Similarly for ‘Action, Adventure’ we will have, [1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0].
Converting the genres into such a list of binary values will help in easily classifying the movies by their genres.
def binary(genre_list): binaryList = [] for genre in genreList: if genre in genre_list: binaryList.
append(1) else: binaryList.
append(0) return binaryList Applying the binary() function to the ‘genres’ column to get ‘genre_list’ We will follow the same notations for other features like the cast, director, and the keywords.
movies[genres_bin] = movies[genres].
apply(lambda x: binary(x)) movies[genres_bin].
head() genre_list columns values Step 5 — Working with the Cast column Let’s plot a graph of Actors with Highest Appearances plt.
subplots(figsize=(12,10)) list1=[] for i in movies[cast]: list1.
extend(i) ax=pd.
Series(list1).
value_counts()[:15].
sort_values(ascending=True).
plot.
barh(width=0.
9,color=sns.
color_palette(muted,40)) for i, v in enumerate(pd.
Series(list1).
value_counts()[:15].
sort_values(ascending=True).
values): ax.
text(.
8, i, v,fontsize=10,color=white,weight=bold) plt.
title(Actors with highest appearance) plt.
show() Samuel Jackson aka Nick Fury from Avengers has appeared in maximum movies.
I initially thought that Morgan Freeman might be the actor with maximum movies, but Data wins over assumptions! When I initially created the list of all the cast, it had around 50k unique values, as many movies have entries for about 15–20 actors.
But do we need all of them? The answer is No.
We just need the actors who have the highest contribution to the movie.
For eg: The Dark Knight franchise has many actors involved in the movie.
But we will select only the main actors like Christian Bale, Micheal Caine, Heath Ledger.
I have selected the main 4 actors from each movie.
One question that may arise in your mind is how do you determine the importance of the actor in the movie.
Luckily, the sequence of the actors in the JSON format is according to the actor’s contribution to the movie.
Let’s see how we do that and create a column ‘cast_bin’ for i,j in zip(movies[cast],movies.
index): list2 = [] list2 = i[:4] movies.
loc[j,cast] = str(list2) movies[cast] = movies[cast].
str.
strip([]).
str.
replace( ,).
str.
replace(“”,) movies[cast] = movies[cast].
str.
split(,) for i,j in zip(movies[cast],movies.
index): list2 = [] list2 = i list2.
sort() movies.
loc[j,cast] = str(list2) movies[cast]=movies[cast].
str.
strip([]).
str.
replace( ,).
str.
replace(“”,)castList = [] for index, row in movies.
iterrows(): cast = row[“cast”] for i in cast: if i not in castList: castList.
append(i)movies[‘cast_bin’] = movies[‘cast’].
apply(lambda x: binary(x)) movies[‘cast_bin’].
head() cast_bin column values Step 6 — Working with the Directors column Let’s plot Directors with maximum movies def xstr(s): if s is None: return return str(s) movies[director] = movies[director].
apply(xstr)plt.
subplots(figsize=(12,10)) ax = movies[movies[director]!=].
director.
value_counts()[:10].
sort_values(ascending=True).
plot.
barh(width=0.
9,color=sns.
color_palette(muted,40)) for i, v in enumerate(movies[movies[director]!=].
director.
value_counts()[:10].
sort_values(ascending=True).
values): ax.
text(.
5, i, v,fontsize=12,color=white,weight=bold) plt.
title(Directors with highest movies) plt.
show() We create a new column ‘director_bin’ as we have done earlier directorList=[] for i in movies[director]: if i not in directorList: directorList.
append(i)movies[director_bin] = movies[director].
apply(lambda x: binary(x)) movies.
head() So finally, after all this work we get the movies dataset as follows Movies dataframe after One Hot Encoding Step 7 — Working with the Keywords column The keywords or tags contain a lot of information about the movie, and it is a key feature in finding similar movies.
For eg: Movies like “Avengers” and “Ant-man” may have common keywords like superheroes or Marvel.
For analyzing keywords, we will try something different and plot a word cloud to get a better intuition: from wordcloud import WordCloud, STOPWORDS import nltk from nltk.
corpus import stopwordsplt.
subplots(figsize=(12,12)) stop_words = set(stopwords.
words(english)) stop_words.
update(,,;,!,?,.
,(,),$,#,+,:,.
, ,)words=movies[keywords].
dropna().
apply(nltk.
word_tokenize) word=[] for i in words: word.
extend(i) word=pd.
Series(word) word=([i for i in word.
str.
lower() if i not in stop_words]) wc = WordCloud(background_color=”black”, max_words=2000, stopwords=STOPWORDS, max_font_size= 60,width=1000,height=1000) wc.
generate(” “.
join(word)) plt.
imshow(wc) plt.
axis(off) fig=plt.
gcf() fig.
set_size_inches(10,10) plt.
show() Above is a word cloud showing the major keywords or tags used for describing the movies We find ‘words_bin’ from Keywords as follows — movies[keywords] = movies[keywords].
str.
strip([]).
str.
replace( ,).
str.
replace(“”,).
str.
replace(“,) movies[keywords] = movies[keywords].
str.
split(,) for i,j in zip(movies[keywords],movies.
index): list2 = [] list2 = i movies.
loc[j,keywords] = str(list2) movies[keywords] = movies[keywords].
str.
strip([]).
str.
replace( ,).
str.
replace(“”,) movies[keywords] = movies[keywords].
str.
split(,) for i,j in zip(movies[keywords],movies.
index): list2 = [] list2 = i list2.
sort() movies.
loc[j,keywords] = str(list2) movies[keywords] = movies[keywords].
str.
strip([]).
str.
replace( ,).
str.
replace(“”,) movies[keywords] = movies[keywords].
str.
split(,)words_list = [] for index, row in movies.
iterrows(): genres = row[“keywords”] for genre in genres: if genre not in words_list: words_list.
append(genre)movies[words_bin] = movies[keywords].
apply(lambda x: binary(x)) movies = movies[(movies[vote_average]!=0)] #removing the movies with 0 score and without drector names movies = movies[movies[director]!=] Step 8 — Similarity between movies We will be using Cosine Similarity for finding the similarity between 2 movies.
How does cosine similarity work? Let’s say we have 2 vectors.
If the vectors are close to parallel, i.
e.
angle between the vectors is 0, then we can say that both of them are “similar”, as cos(0)=1.
Whereas if the vectors are orthogonal, then we can say that they are independent or NOT “similar”, as cos(90)=0.
Recommendation System using K-Nearest Neighbors – Cosine Similarity For a more detailed study, follow this link.
Below I have defined a function Similarity, which will check the similarity between the movies.
from scipy import spatialdef Similarity(movieId1, movieId2): a = movies.
iloc[movieId1] b = movies.
iloc[movieId2] genresA = a[genres_bin] genresB = b[genres_bin] genreDistance = spatial.
distance.
cosine(genresA, genresB) scoreA = a[cast_bin] scoreB = b[cast_bin] scoreDistance = spatial.
distance.
cosine(scoreA, scoreB) directA = a[director_bin] directB = b[director_bin] directDistance = spatial.
distance.
cosine(directA, directB) wordsA = a[words_bin] wordsB = b[words_bin] wordsDistance = spatial.
distance.
cosine(directA, directB) return genreDistance + directDistance + scoreDistance + wordsDistance Let’s check the Similarity between 2 random movies We see that the distance is about 2.
068, which is high.
The more the distance, the less similar the movies are.
Let’s see what these random movies actually were.
It is evident that The Dark Knight Rises and How to train your Dragon 2 are very different movies.
Thus the distance is huge.
Step 9 — Score Predictor (the final step!) So now when we have everything in place, we will now build the score predictor.
The main function working under the hood will be the Similarity() function, which will calculate the similarity between movies, and will find 10 most similar movies.
These 10 movies will help in predicting the score for our desired movie.
We will take the average of the scores of similar movies and find the score for the desired movie.
Now the similarity between the movies will depend on our newly created columns containing binary lists.
We know that features like the director or the cast will play a very important role in the movie’s success.
We always assume that movies from David Fincher or Chris Nolan will fare very well.
Also if they work with their favorite actors, who always fetch them success and also work on their favorite genres, then the chances of success are even higher.
Using these phenomena, let’s try building our score predictor.
import operatordef predict_score(): name = input(Enter a movie title: ) new_movie = movies[movies[original_title].
str.
contains(name)].
iloc[0].
to_frame().
T print(Selected Movie: ,new_movie.
original_title.
values[0]) def getNeighbors(baseMovie, K): distances = [] for index, movie in movies.
iterrows(): if movie[new_id] != baseMovie[new_id].
values[0]: dist = Similarity(baseMovie[new_id].
values[0], movie[new_id]) distances.
append((movie[new_id], dist)) distances.
sort(key=operator.
itemgetter(1)) neighbors = [] for x in range(K): neighbors.
append(distances[x]) return neighbors K = 10 avgRating = 0 neighbors = getNeighbors(new_movie, K)print(
Recommended Movies:
) for neighbor in neighbors: avgRating = avgRating+movies.
iloc[neighbor[0]][2] print( movies.
iloc[neighbor[0]][0]+” | Genres: “+str(movies.
iloc[neighbor[0]][1]).
strip([]).
replace( ,)+” | Rating: “+str(movies.
iloc[neighbor[0]][2])) print(
) avgRating = avgRating/K print(The predicted rating for %s is: %f %(new_movie[original_title].
values[0],avgRating)) print(The actual rating for %s is %f %(new_movie[original_title].
values[0],new_movie[vote_average])) Now simply just run the function as follows and enter the movie you like to find 10 similar movies and it’s predicted ratings predict_score() Recommendation System using K-Nearest Neighbors: Predict Scores Thus we have completed the Movie Recommendation System implementation using the K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm.
Sidenote — K Value In this project, I have arbitrarily chosen the value K=10.
But in other applications of KNN, finding the value of K is not easy.
A small value of K means that noise will have a higher influence on the result and a large value make it computationally expensive.
Data scientists usually choose as an odd number if the number of classes is 2 and another simple approach to select k is set K=sqrt(n).
This is the end of this blog.
Let me know if you have any suggestions/doubts.
Find the Python notebook with the entire code along with the dataset and all the illustrations here.
Let me know how you found this blog ???? Further Reading Recommender System Machine Learning Basics with the K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm Recommender Systems with Python — Part II: Collaborative Filtering (K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm) What is Cosine Similarity? How to find the optimal value of K in KNN? About the Author Heeral Dedhia I am a Final Year student from Mumbai completing my graduation in the field of Computer Science Engineering and identify myself as a problem solver and a technophile, always keen on learning new technologies to solve problems and make life easier.
I have a keen interest in the field of Business Analytics, Data Science, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning and keep experimenting with projects in these domains.
LinkedIn – https://www.
linkedin.
com/in/heeral-d/ You can also read this article on our Mobile APP Related Articles (adsbygoogle = window.
adsbygoogle || []).
push({});.